胆固醇:把降低它的食物和升高它的食物并排来看
燕麦、洋车前子、大麦和豆类在人体试验中降低了低密度脂蛋白。椰子油和鸡蛋则升高了它。两边都写进同一张表。
本页不用于诊断或治疗。食物不能替代药物。如正在接受治疗,大幅调整饮食前请先与主治医生商量。
这是什么状况
胆固醇是身体用来构建细胞膜和激素的一类脂质。它不溶于水,因此装在称作脂蛋白的颗粒里随血液循环。低密度脂蛋白把胆固醇从肝脏运往组织,高密度脂蛋白则把它运回来。体检单上的总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白和甘油三酯,是从不同角度测量这些颗粒所得的数值。体内相当一部分胆固醇并非吃进去的,而是肝脏自己合成的,因此食物的胆固醇含量与血中数值并不是简单的正比关系。
证据走到了哪一步
这是本站根据最充分的主题。161种食材中有24种,有人体试验显示它改变了血脂指标,或者没能改变。
最扎实的是可溶性纤维。 燕麦中的β-葡聚糖、大麦和洋车前子壳都在荟萃分析层面降低了低密度脂蛋白,机制也相同:它们让肠内容物变黏稠,拦住胆汁酸并带出体外,而肝脏重新合成胆汁酸的原料正是胆固醇,于是胆固醇被消耗掉。
豆类同样一致。 小扁豆、鹰嘴豆、豆腐和大豆都指向同一方向,只是幅度不大,约为低密度脂蛋白的3%至4%。
红曲则是另一类东西。 它效果显著,是因为发酵产生的莫纳可林K与降胆固醇药物洛伐他汀在化学上是同一个分子。它更接近药物而非食物,并且会与他汀叠加。
也有升高它的食物。 椰子油使低密度脂蛋白升高10.5毫克每分升;在17项随机试验中,增加鸡蛋摄入使其升高8.14毫克每分升。这两项结果在「降胆固醇食物」的文章里通常都不会出现。
未获证实的说法也照写。 茄子并不会吸油把胆固醇带出体外;设计最严谨的平菇试验什么也没发现;而青豌豆在同一项试验中,当豆类降低了低密度脂蛋白时它没能降低。腰果则是「坚果有益胆固醇」这句话未能照搬的一例。
已核实的证据
以下条目原样取自食材文章,按证据等级从高到低排列;没有效果或方向相反的结果也一并收录。
食物能做到和做不到的
先看效果的大小。
饮食能改变的低密度脂蛋白大致在3%到10%之间,一片他汀能降低30%到50%。这不等于饮食可以取代药物,两个数字也不能互换着读。
- 正在服药的人,不要因为吃了什么就减药或停药。 数值变好,可能正是药物在起作用。
- 红曲含有与他汀相同的物质,同服会叠加,而且各产品含量差异极大。务必先与主治医生商量。
- 像家族性高胆固醇血症这类由遗传导致的高值,靠饮食几乎无法改变。年纪轻轻低密度脂蛋白就很高,应当先就医再考虑调整饮食。
- 替换比添加更重要。 换掉一种烹调油或减少饱和脂肪所带来的变化,往往大于多吃燕麦带来的变化。
本页不用于诊断或治疗。若体检数值偏高,请与医生讨论。
相关营养素
资料来源
本文营养数值与健康相关表述所依据的数据库和卫生机构。
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