血糖:把餐后曲线压平,和预防糖尿病是两回事
燕麦和大麦能让餐后上升更平缓。但这并不等于降低糖化血红蛋白,两者不可混为一谈。
本页不用于诊断或治疗。食物不能替代药物。如正在接受治疗,大幅调整饮食前请先与主治医生商量。
这是什么状况
血糖是血液中葡萄糖的浓度。食物中的碳水化合物被消化成葡萄糖进入血液时它升高,胰岛素把葡萄糖送进细胞时它下降。空腹血糖是清晨测得的基线,餐后血糖是进食后的峰值,糖化血红蛋白则是附着在红细胞上的糖的比例,反映过去两三个月的平均水平。这三个数字测的是不同的东西,其中一个变动,并不意味着另外两个也会跟着变。
证据走到了哪一步
这个主题上最常被混淆的,是餐后曲线与长期指标。必须分开来看。
压平曲线这一侧的证据相对扎实。 燕麦中的β-葡聚糖最强,大麦和鹰嘴豆指向相同方向。可溶性纤维延缓胃排空,并使肠内容物变黏稠从而减慢吸收,机制解释得很清楚。
不过大麦的结果带着一个限定:只到两小时。 此后差异消失。一餐的曲线被压平,不等于全天血糖降低。
长期指标这一侧多倚赖观察性研究。 全谷物吃得多的人2型糖尿病更少,喝咖啡的人也更少——而低因咖啡呈现同样的关联,提示原因并非咖啡因。但观察性研究永远无法彻底剥离「这类人」的其他生活习惯。
醋则是数字本身可疑。 荟萃分析报告糖化血红蛋白下降1.53%,这已经是糖尿病药物的量级,本站直言难以照单全收。
秋葵的剂量相差320倍。 这一平均值来自每日125毫克到40,000毫克的试验,因此无法回答该吃多少。
未获证实的。 苦瓜有机制但在人体未获确立;藜麦和番石榴的血糖说法无法证实;洋葱的血糖与血脂指标同样未获确立。
已核实的证据
以下条目原样取自食材文章,按证据等级从高到低排列;没有效果或方向相反的结果也一并收录。
食物能做到和做不到的
先写最重要的区分。
压平餐后上升,不等于治疗糖尿病。 本页的证据几乎全都落在前者。
- 若您正在使用降糖药或胰岛素,这里的多种食材作用方向与之重叠。秋葵、葫芦巴、肉桂和红参尤其可能把血糖推向过低。大幅调整饮食时请测量、记录,并告知医生。
- 葫芦巴和红参有药物相互作用的报告。
- 不要直接饮用醋原液,它对牙釉质和食道另有风险。
- 减少什么,通常比增加什么更重要。 白米饭的分量、饮料中的糖、进餐的间隔,影响都大过这整份清单。
- 若空腹血糖偏高,请先接受诊断,再谈用饮食解决。1型和2型糖尿病是不同的疾病。
本页不用于诊断或治疗。
相关营养素
资料来源
本文营养数值与健康相关表述所依据的数据库和卫生机构。
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