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Herbs & spices
Early researchVinegar
A 2025 meta-analysis of seven trials reported fasting glucose down 21.9 mg/dL and HbA1c down 1.53%. That is what metformin achieves. Coming from seven small trials, it is implausibly large. The direction is consistent; the size is not something to accept as printed.
Herbs & spices
Early researchBlack pepper
A 1998 trial showing piperine raised curcumin absorption by 2,000 % is cited everywhere. It had ten healthy adult volunteers.
Herbs & spices